The Importance of Being More Than Earnest Essay - 1715 Words

Every line, every character, and every stage direction in The Importance of Being Earnest is set on supporting Oscar Wilde’s want for social change. The Importance of Being Earnest was written during the late period of the Victorian era. During this period social classification was taken very seriously. It could affect working and living conditions, education, religion, and marriage. Wilde explores the issues of social class and turns it into a comedic play. He humorously criticizes Victorian manners and attacking the society of the luxurious life. The audience becomes self-aware as the characters reflect on themselves. Plays such as this become successful because of the backgrounds the writers come from and the experiences they have had.†¦show more content†¦In other words, Wilde saw the hidden connection between facts and personal opinions; and how to combine the two in the play. By doing this, he attacks serious issues of society and twists them into a comedic view . This is an appropriate theme for Wilde to select because of his experience among upper class people. The main purpose of this theme is to stimulate laughter from the audience. Wilde is able to satirize the upper classes by placing this play in an upper class social setting. This â€Å"†¦requires the audience to accept the world presented on the stage as a real world, a possible world; and its human foibles, even if heightened and exaggerated in the play’s satirical exposure of them†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Foster 19). Then he fills the characters language with sayings, which make them seem ridiculous. The characters constantly contradict the basic values in their speech. This works to Wilde’s advantage because he wants his play to be funny and not offensive. Raby states â€Å"†¦ [i]n his political and aesthetic theory Wilde was both romantic and cynical. In his drama he was both sentimental and satirical† (Raby 26). He could manipulate the audience to think that the play was just a storyline but in reality it was mocking them. Which includes the theme of the ir rational upper class; the question arises: what is the importance of being earnest. Webster’s dictionary defines â€Å"earnest† as â€Å"characterized by or proceeding from an intense and serious state of mind.† Lady Bracknell is a goodShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Being Earnest By Oscar Wilde1364 Words   |  6 PagesIn order to fully understand the meaning of â€Å"The Importance of Being Earnest† and its importance in its time, one must look at Oscar Wilde’s background in relation to the Victorian time period. Biography.com states that Wilde had a very social life, growing up among influential Victorians and intellectuals of the time. As he grew older and became a successful writer, he began engaging in homosexual affairs which was a crime during the 19th century. He eventually started a relationship with AlfredRead MoreEssay on The Comedic Element in The Importance of Earnest582 Words   |  3 Pagesshould have more importance in the world than they do. On any given night if someone were to watch the news or read the news paper they would see just how dire and depressing the world actually is. It is important to take the time now and then and have a good laugh to ease the tension that the news can cause. Oscar Wildes The Importance of Being Earnest is a witty and amusing comedy which conveys real life everyday themes such as real love as opposed to selfish love, religion, marriage, being truthfulRead MoreThe Importance of Being Earnest, by Oscar Wilde1300 Words   |  5 PagesThe play, The Importance of Being Earnest, by Oscar Wilde was written in the Victorian Age of England. During this time morality was connected with sexual restraint and strict codes of conduct in public. This play hilariously critiques Victorian moral and social values while the characters in the play try to figure out the meaning of â€Å"earnestness†. Wilde uses humor and irony to publicly ridicule the self-aggrandizing attitude of the Victorian upper classes, as well as to expose their duplicity andRead MoreThe Import ance Of Being Earnest By Oscar Wilde773 Words   |  4 PagesIn the play by Oscar Wilde â€Å"The Importance of Being Earnest†, Wilde takes a comedic stance on a melodrama, portraying the duplicity of Victorian traditions and social values as the modernism of the twentieth century begins to emerge. The idea of the play revolves around its title of the characters discovering the importance of being earnest to their individual preferences. The author uses the traditional efforts of finding a marriage partner to illustrate the conflicting pressure of Victorian valuesRead MoreThe Importance Of Being Earnest By Oscar Wilde1642 Words   |  7 Pagesnda Beckwith AMU/APUS ENGL200 Professor Green 25 Oct 2015 Satire in The Importance of Being Earnest The Importance of Being Earnest by Oscar Wilde can be termed as a complete satirical work because of the path it chooses on harshly, but at the same time humorously criticizing and ridiculing social issues, such as marriage, wealth and death. The author approaches these issues with absurd mockery evidently with the intention of tickling his audience while driving his point home. Regarded as one ofRead MoreSatire in â€Å"The Importance of Being Earnest† by Oscar Wilde Essay example716 Words   |  3 Pagespiece of work that is designed to ridicule or tease a group or organization, generally for the purpose of being humorous. â€Å"The Importance of Being Earnest,† a play by Oscar Wilde, is a satire, ridiculing class, gender, and marriage. This essay will describe some points from each of these sections, as well as give a brief synopsis of the play these examples come from. The Importance of being Earnest includes three acts, with seven major characters. In act one, we start with a conversation between JackRead MoreThe Importance Of Being Earnest By Oscar Wilde980 Words   |  4 PagesEarnest Hypocrisy In Oscar Wilde’s The Importance of Being Earnest, two gentlemen exemplify the result of dishonesty and hypocrisy. Set in Victorian England, the two bachelors, Algernon and Jack, fight over which one of them will take the name Ernest in order to win their own girl. Wilde circumvents conventionalism and employs superior satirical strategy to not only teach the importance of being earnest, a characteristic held dear by Victorian society, but he also chastises his world for the hypocrisyRead MoreThe Influence Of Victorian Society On Relationships And Marriage1642 Words   |  7 Pagesof Victorian Society on Relationships and Marriage Marriage was of utmost importance during the 1830’s to the 1900’s. The â€Å"ideal† relationship had been searched for by both men and women using the standards that the commonwealth had created. When reading Oscar Wilde’s â€Å"The Importance of Being Earnest† and associating it to society’s expectations for both genders throughout the Victorian era, people are depicted as being very effected and influenced by the set rules and boundaries. Using the themeRead MoreThe Importance Of Being Earnest By Oscar Wild And True West1332 Words   |  6 Pagescommunicating toward the audience like The Importance of Being Earnest by Oscar Wild and True West by Sam Shepard. Even though they differ within writing style, character development, setting, and literary elements, both plays have aspects that pull the audience forth into eventually confronting reality. The two works of art consist of a different setting and character build due to the different time period and author’s background. The Importance of Being Earnest was written in 1894 during the VictorianRead MoreOscar Wilde’S The Importance Of Being Earnest Was Written1600 Words   |  7 PagesOscar Wilde’s The Importance of Being Earnest was written during the Modernism movement. Modernism was a literary movement that pushed back against the movement previously: Victorian/Realism. Wilde suggests that keeping up appearances was so significant during the Victorian ages that men engaged in bunburying: the idea that people take on a different persona, whether real or imagined, as an escape from their current life or in order to portray themselves in a better light. Wilde uses satirical

Currie Road Construction Case Analysis Essay - 2423 Words

Executive Summary In December 2008, Martin Cook, president of Currie Road Construction Limited, a B.C. based firm, had to decide soon on the company’s expansion plan due to the anticipated economic stimulus spending in both B.C. and Texas in the coming year. The two primary alternatives are either to enter the U.S. construction industry, particularly the Texas market, or to continue the company operations within Canada. Currie owns 2.7% of the B.C. market and due to fierce competition, it is extremely difficult to gain market share. On the other hand, Texas has a bigger market with less competition. Texas Department of Transportation is approving road construction projects that worth more than $4.5 billion. With Currie’s experience and†¦show more content†¦construction industry, particularly the Texas market. Cook would have to decide soon due to the anticipated economic stimulus spending in both B.C. and Texas in the coming year. This is mostly an analytical case presented with plenty of information regarding the background history and the current market condition. Background There are some immediate issues that Currie has to address. The first issue is the extreme difficulty to gain market share in B.C. due to fierce competition; as many as ten companies bid on one job in B.C.. According to Case Exhibit 1 â€Å"2008 Market Share Ranking (MTI)†, Currie only owns 2.7% of the market in 2008. The second issue is to stay profitable. Cook took over Currie late 2000. Even though Currie has been profitable since 2003 according to Case Exhibit 2 â€Å"Financial Summary (Yearly)†, it was unable to make any interest payments towards the company’s $20 million loan until 2007. These two immediate issues are highly important and highly urgent. Currie also has a few basic issues. First is the $20 million debt; the interest owing is a major burden to the company. It would take Currie many years to repay the entire loan. Second is how to better utilize the company’s resources such as machinery which sits idle during the winter, and the existing centralized control systems which cost a total of $170,000. While these two issues are highly important they are not as urgent as the immediate issuesShow MoreRelatedWomen Entrepreneurs: a Critical Review of the Literature12149 Words   |  49 PagesWomen’s motives for starting and leading a business; (3) Women’s leadership styles and management strategies in small business; and (4) Barriers and conflicts encountered by women business owners. The article argues that further study and critical analysis is required, particularly examining relationships between changing economic contexts and cultural meanings of work, and women’s unique ways of crafting entrepreneurial leadership. Questions are suggested for future research continuing the inquiryRead MoreOrganization Restructuring26680 Words   |  107 Pagesprovided, along with a list of relevant references. Most summaries provide the following information, though some will have more or less. 1. NAME OF INTERVENTION: Most commonly used name, along with alternatives. 2. TARGET LEVEL(S) OF ANALYSIS: Is it directed toward organization-wide, group/ unit/ department, or individual change? 3. PURPOSE OF THE INTERVENTION: What is the primary goal of the intervention? 4. EFFECTIVENESS CRITERIA: What are the most appropriate outcomes (behaviorsRead MoreAnz Bank142091 Words   |  569 Pagesprofit is not audited by the external auditor, however the external auditor has informed the Audit Committee that the adjustments have been determined on a consistent basis across each period presented. Refer to  page 15 and pages 206 to 207 for analysis of the adjustments between statutory profit and cash profit. 2 Average ordinary shareholders’ equity excludes non-controlling interests and preference shares. 3 The 2014 dividend payout ratio is calculated using the March 2014 interim and the

The Atomic Bomb And The Manhatten Project Essay - 1782 Words

The Atomic Bomb and the Manhattan Project It was December 7, 1942 a beautiful mourning in Pearl Harbor. When out of the blue, hundreds of Japanese planes bomb and either sunk or severely damaged eight battle ships and at least thirteen other naval ships that were docked on the shore. This spark is what involved the United States the forest fire known as World War II. My paper is not on the war itself, but is on the atomic bomb, and what was known as the Manhattan project. In my report I will talk about the many reasons, the atomic bomb had to be created and used. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The atomic warfare capabilities of the United States were brought about in a letter from Mr. Albert Einstein to Franklin D. Roosevelt, our current†¦show more content†¦The difference between the two bombs was the method of detonation. The methods of fusion in both of them were the same. The positive result of using plutonium was it was much more abundant than U-235. The discovery of plutonium was made at Berkley College in California. This discovery was very important because it decreased the time it was going to take the to make the bomb by an unimaginable amount of time. Not hundreds of years, but in time to use against the Japanese before we lost the war. In about a year a workable atomic pile had been created at the University of Chicago. This project was supervised by Enrico Fermi, but he had quite an intelligent group of scientist working with him. The military part of this project was called the â€Å"Operation Silver Plate†. The leader of this mission was Lieutenant Colonel Paul W. Tibbets, Jr. The place picked for this operation was Wendover Field, Utah, and it was one of the most miserable places on earth. About late September 1944, the best of the best men in our military started arriving at Wendover Field. These men were the ingredients of the 509th squadron and together they were one of the best units ever to have been put into war. The standards for this group would almost be impossible if they were not who they were. They had to drop the bomb from about 30,000 feet and could only have 200-foot margin of error. They could only have a navigational marginShow MoreRelated The Atomic Age1290 Words   |  6 PagesThe Atomic Age The Atomic Age, composed of complex and controversial issues, has forever changed our world and the way in which we live. * What were the factors leading to the dropping of the atomic bomb? The answer to this question considers events dealing with atomic energy, the Manhatten Project, and controversial issues about when, where, how, and if the bomb should have been used. There are several events prior to the 1940s that led to the making of the bomb, but the majority of eventsRead MoreContributions of Famous Scientists to Chemistry Essay example856 Words   |  4 PagesBoyles Law states that the pressure of an ideal gas at constant temperature varies inversely with the volume. Boyles law is expressed as PiVi = PfVf. In 1803 a man named John Dalton publishes his Atomic Theory which states that all matter is composed of atoms, which are small and indivisble. Daltons Atomic Theory states that All matter is made of atoms. Atoms are indivisable and indestructable. All atoms of a given element are identical in mass and properties. Compounds are formed by a combinationRead MoreAnalyzing The Occurrences During World War II Essay1676 Words   |  7 Pagesdamage them as the US drafted a remarkable number of German immigrants fleeing/avoiding the Nazi’s into the Manhatten project including Leo Szilard who helped start up the project, Otto Frisch and Rudolf Peierls who wrote a leading paper on how to construct an atomic bomb, and Hans Bethe who wrote multiple papers on inventions that the army would use during the war and after, including the atom bomb. Had they not been expelled by Hitler’s ideals, technological superiority may have remained with the Germans

Capital Punishment and Torture Essays - 2191 Words

Capital punishment is not a morally acceptable practice because the process has come to represent a form of torture in our modern society and therefore, should not be seen as an acceptable form of punishment for any criminal act. The goal of a punishment is to properly reprimand the criminal so justice is served in regard to the victim. This can be achieved without violating our moral standards through the use of punishments which sufficiently punish the offender while still doing right by the victim. Capital punishment may be the most just option of retribution when punishing a murderer, but it serves as an injustice to the persons who must carry out the duty and has also become a torturous experience for the offender. Cesare†¦show more content†¦This cannot be maintained in all cases, as such with rape and torture. These crimes must be addressed with something which the punishment, even if it does not fit the crime exactly, matches it in respect to severity (Kant 145) . Kant holds the belief that â€Å"whoever has committed murder, must die... [for] there is no likeness or proportion between life, however painful, and death† (Kant 145). Saying this, Kant also acknowledges that â€Å"[the criminal’s] death, however, must be kept free from all maltreatment that would make the humanity suffering in his person or abominable† (Kant 145). This is an important point which needs to be explored and, in turn, establishes the second leg of the argument; punishments must remain within the moral boundaries established in the society. Jeffrey H. Reiman deliberates on this topic in his work Justice, Civilization, and the Death Penalty. Reiman begins with the supposition that the retributive theory is correct. The retributive theory, as previously established by Kant, supports justice through lex talionis and that the victim has a right to this justice, but does not explain to what extent this right should be exercised (Reiman 599). Reiman expresses â€Å"this is a separate moral question because strictShow MoreRelatedCapital Punishment Is A Form Of Torture971 Words   |  4 PagesCapital punishment is nothing new; executions have taken place for centuries. Capital punishment is utilized throughout the world. Thirty-six countries currently use the death penalty in law and practice. One hundred and three countries have abolished the death penalty completely. Whereas, six countries currently retain the death penalty for special circumstances, such as war crimes (CIA World Factbook). Whether capital punishment is an effective measure to curb future violent crimes is still debatedRead MoreCapital Punishment : An Ultimate Torture Method Essay1352 Words   |  6 Pages Capital punishment has been used as a penalty for criminal behavior for many years; however, its’ utilization has not been constant throughout American history. The basis of capital punishment has undergone a number of changes and improvements in the past, essentially alternating in and out of public favor. At its’ start, capital punishment was ultimately used as a means of torture. Criminals were bludgeoned, boiled, burned, torn apart by animals, etc.—it was an ultimate torture method. ThroughoutRead MoreCrime and Punishment in Elizabethan England788 Words   |  4 PagesDuring the Elizabethan Era, crime and punishment was a brutal source of punishments towards criminals. The term â€Å"crime and punishment† was a series of punishments and penalties the government gave towards the people who broke the laws. In William Harrison’s article â€Å"Crime and Punishment in Elizabethan England†, says that â€Å"the concept of incarcerating a pers on as punishment for a crime was a relatively novel at the time† (1). This seemed reasonable at the time, because back then they didn’t sentenceRead MoreArgumentative Essay On Capital Punishment1689 Words   |  7 Pages Abstract Capital punishment is the execution of criminals for the crimes they committed. This paper explores three reasons as to why capital punishment is wrong and should be abolished. One downfall to capital punishment includes the risk of taking an innocent life such as Cameron Todd Willingham who was wrongfully convicted in 1992 and executed in 2004. There is also a risk of having a botched execution. A mistake might be made during the procedure, making it long and painful for the prisonersRead MoreIs Capital Punishment Immoral? Essay1525 Words   |  7 PagesIs Capital Punishment Immoral? In a Kantian world with moral laws, capital punishment does not seem to be a theoretical solution for punishing murders. But when someone does commit murder those individuals render their rights, and henceforth would acknowledge their action with consequences, such as capital punishment. Jeffrey H. Reiman presents various arguments against the use of capital punishment with no adequate evidence of effectiveness, but I disagree. Capital punishment is a reasonableRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is Immoral1521 Words   |  7 Pagesher to oppose death penalty is immoral as. Firstly, it is a torture. Secondly,, it does not work out as a deterrent. Thirdly, and it costs more than life imprisonment. Finally, only the poor sentenced to death. She believes that the death penalty is immoral as it is a torture, it does not work out as a deterrent and it costs more than life imprisonment. However, I disagree with her argument, because death penalty is not seeing as a torture in history, Super Court and those criminals deserve the retribution;Read MoreElizabethan Crime And Punishment Of The Elizabethan Era1363 Words   |  6 PagesElizabethan Crime and Punishment On a normal day during the Elizabethan Era you would pass the town square to find someone screaming bloody murder and begging for mercy. There were public executions that many people took a day off of their jobs to go see. Torture devices were a big part of Elizabethan Crime and Punishment. There was a specific punishment for everything from begging to high treason. If a peasant stole anything worth more than five pence, which was the currency of the time periodRead MoreDiscipline and Punish the Birth of Prsions1071 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Discipline and Punish the Birth of Prisons† goes beyond the walls of the prison system. Foucault gives a detailed description of the transition of discipline and punishment beginning in the seventeenth century. Foucault begins with insight into the tortures forms of punishment common in the seventeenth century. The torture involved prisoners being placed on a scaffold while holding a two pound torch of burning wax. There the flesh w ould be torn from their body with hot pincers before their bodiesRead MoreBeccaria s Of Crimes And Punishment1317 Words   |  6 Pagessummary of Cesare Beccaria’s ‘of crimes and punishment’ was best said in a statement by Beccaria himself which was ‘In order that any punishment should not be an act of violence committed by one person or many against a private citizen, it is essential that it should be public, prompt, necessary, the minimum possible under the given circumstances, proportionate to the crimes, and established by law. (Beccaria, C. 2003 pg. 24) Beccaria’s theory was that punishment should only be used to prevent an offenderRead MoreCapital Punishment Deters Crime?876 Words   |  4 PagesThe question that it seemed to be taken into consideration is whether capital punishment deters crime? There are two types of deterrence theories that are stretched across statistical studies in the law of criminology. The first notable theory is kno wn as â€Å"specific deterrence† it is exercised in order to stop a criminal offence from occurring in the future. The theory evaluates that when punished for an unlawful offence it is less likely of the perpetrator to commit the crime again. Another crucial

The Mohawk Indians Free Essays

For this project, i choose to write about the Mohawk Indians. These native americans are are group of fierce warriors, where both men and women had vital roles. They were orginally apart of Iroquois Confederation, which included various tribes in the north eastern territory of the United States. We will write a custom essay sample on The Mohawk Indians or any similar topic only for you Order Now They are also one of the most famous and surviving native americans. They were unique and had different traditions. The Mohawks were located in the area, which, now we call New York. This in in the North eastren part of the United States. Altough other tribes resisded in the area, they took up most of the territorty. These Native Americans had many ways to live. There homes, were what we call today longhouses. They were extremely long in the back and were made up of berch and elm bark. To travel the Mohawks had two types of canoes, one made of elm bark which was fast and the other a dugout canoe which could carry many people but was much slower. They also relied on dogs as there pack animals, and in the snow they tied them to sleds to help them get around. The women of the tribe were known as â€Å"clan leaders† because they made all the descions about land and resouces. The men who were Mohawk chiefs made the miltary rulings such as engaging in war. They were only allowed to represent the tribe. There clothing was very tradional. The men wore breecloths with leggings, while woman wore wrap around dresses with shorter leggings. There name, is represented in there hairstyle displayed by men. They mostly had shaved heads except for there mohawks dressed up with feathers or roaches. The women only cut there hair when they were in mourning, and their daily hair was long and in a braid. Childrens roles in the tribes is very different then todays. They went hunting and fishing with there fathers and had plenty of chores. But on the other hand, they did have some time for fun. The girls usually played with there cornhusks dolls, while the boys either played the sport lacrosse or tried to throw a dart through a moving hoop. Mohawk music was based around mainly two insturments. The drums and the flute. The Drums were if not all the time filled with water , mostly to give it a different style and sound. The flutes were used to seduce the women in the tribe, while playing it, it would show he was thinking about a girl. There religion, or more so beliefs were of nature and of everyones sprirt. They belived in wind spirts, the three sisters ( corn, squash, and beans) to help with crops, the thunderer, and the creator twins. The Mohawks are also famous for the myth of the orgin of the rabbit dance, where the native americans used there drums and made a certain sound and all the rabbits came and danced around them. They also known also for there mask making and pottery, the masks they make were so important to them that outsiders may not be permitted to look at them. Just like many other native americans they used bow and arrows to hunt, in battle they used bows and arrows, and clubs and spears. To fish the men used spears and fishing poles. They are so skilled in steaming wood that they made knives and even today the survining members create lacrosse sticks. In conclusion, the Mohawks are a name we know them as, and also there enimies. They were belived to be cannibals but it is not certain. Its said they would eat the warriors there were up against if they won. But they called themselves the Kanienkehaka, or people of the flint. They were a truly restless group and by becoming apart of irqouis nation, they were allowed to thrive and continue there traditions. How to cite The Mohawk Indians, Essay examples

Prison Comparison Contrast Paper free essay sample

Running head: PRISON COMPARISON CONTRAST PAPER Prison Comparison Contrast Paper Kelvin Hunter University of Phoenix Introduction to Corrections CJA/234 Ms. Johnson January 26, 2011 Prison Comparison Contrast Paper The American prison systems have changed since the 1800s. There are new developments and advanced technologies that help contribute to a better prison/penitentiary system as well as run it effectively. The subject of this will define and examine the theory and ideal of a penitentiary. It will explore historical factors while comparing and contrasting the prison systems during and after World War II. Finally, it will take a look at the impact and involvement of prison labor during this time period as well as focus the attention of the trend of prison labor since then. The Ideal of Penitentiary Teachers and other scholarly intellectuals have used the terms â€Å"penitentiary† for more than twenty years. â€Å"The penitentiary was more of an idea or set of principles than a physical institution with shape and form†(Foster, 2006, p. We will write a custom essay sample on Prison Comparison Contrast Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 21). It wasn’t really a building for ex cons, it was more of a concept. The purposes of a penitentiary were both secular and spiritual. In Western societies, penitentiary was supposed to be a place of humane punishment rather than physical punishment. This place was created to keep prisoners separated from each other as much as possible; isolation, as opposed to regular prisons. It was also created for prisoners to express their feelings of regret of their wrongdoing. â€Å"As a secular institution, the penitentiary was meeting the religious need for expressing contrition for sin. The principal goal of the penitentiary was to achieve the kind of spiritual transformation in a criminal being that was associated with the religious beings of the medieval monastery†(Foster, p. 2). Prison Systems in World War II The World War II had many affects on the prisons. â€Å"Prison populations declined as many young men in trouble (including convicts who were paroled to work in war industries) were allowed to choose between military duty and prison†(Foster, 2006, chap. 3). So, if men committed crimes, instead of serv ing a prison sentence they had an option to serve in the military and fight in the wars. Active military service had provided strong control socially over young men. The Prison Industries Branch of the War Production Board was established in December 1941 to manage the industrial and agricultural output of state and federal prisons†(Foster, 2006, chap. 3). Production in industrial and agricultural in state prisons estimated about $25 million each. Prisoners mainly manufactured items pertaining to the world such as assault boats, bomb noses, cargo nets, Navy shirts, flags, and leather materials. After the World War II, the prison systems have changed drastically. Prisoners do not have the option to serve out their sentence in the military anymore. It’s more on the concept: If you do the crime, you do the time. The prisons are overpopulated and the agriculture and industrial production has declined. â€Å"Politicians who had advocated greater involvement of prisoners in the war effort turned a blind eye to prisons after the war†(Foster, 2006, chap. 3). The guards are not as strict as the guards were during World War II. Prisoners are attacking the guards and trying to escape more frequently. They are also brave enough to take the guards and wardens hostage all while creating a prison riot. It is like they do not have respect for the law or the justice system. In conclusion, this paper addressed the differences between what happened in the prison systems during and after World War II and the ideal and theory of penitentiary. With regards to the way prisons were operated during the WWII as opposed to the way it was operated today, one would think that they would show great appreciation. If the legal system apply some discipline and restrictions on the prisons now, then maybe it would not be as overpopulated as it is now. Without the exception of electrocution and lethal injection, this is a very effective method to show as an example to the people who are thinking about committing crimes. References Foster, B. (2006). Prisons in Crisis. In Corrections: The Fundamentals (p. 50). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Foster, B. (2006). The Penitentiary and the 1800s. In Corrections: The Fundamentals (p. 21). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prencitice-Hall. * preferences * help Document Viewer Turnitin Originality Report * Processed on: 01-29-11 2:51 PM CST * ID: 168660078 * Word Count: 716 * Submitted: 1 PRISON COMPARISON AND CONTRAST By Kelvin Hunter Similarity Index 1% Whats this? Similarity by Source Internet  Sources: 1% Publications: 0% Student  Papers: N/A exclude quoted exclude bibliography exclude small matches download refresh print mode: 1% match (Internet from 4/11/10) http://www. sses. se Running head: PRISON COMPARISON CONTRAST PAPER Prison Comparison Contrast Paper Kelvin Hunter University of Phoenix Introduction to Corrections CJA/234 Ms. Johnson January 26, 2011 Prison Comparison Contrast Paper The American prison systems have changed since the 1800s. There are new developments and advanced technologies that help contribute to a better prison/penitentiary system as well as run it effectively. The subject of this will define and examine the theory and ideal of a penitentiary. It will explore historical factors while comparing and contrasting the prison systems during and after World War II. Finally, it will take a look at the impact and involvement of prison labor during this time period as well as focus the attention of the trend of prison labor since then. The Ideal of Penitentiary Teachers and other scholarly intellectuals have used the terms penitentiary for more than twenty years. The penitentiary was more of an idea or set of principles than a physical institution with shape and form(Foster, 2006, p. 1). It wasnt really a building for ex cons, it was more of a concept. The purposes of a penitentiary were both secular and spiritual. In Western societies, penitentiary was supposed to be a place of humane punishment rather than physical punishment. This place was created to keep prisoners separated from each other as much as possible; isolation, as opposed to regular pr isons. It was also created for prisoners to express their feelings of regret of their wrongdoing. As a secular institution, the penitentiary was meeting the religious need for expressing contrition for sin. The principal goal of the penitentiary was to achieve the kind of spiritual transformation in a criminal being that was associated with the religious beings of the medieval monastery(Foster, p. 22). Prison Systems in World War II The World War II had many affects on the prisons. Prison populations declined as many young men in trouble (including convicts who were paroled to work in war industries) were allowed to choose between military duty and prison(Foster, 2006, chap. 3). So, if men committed crimes, instead of serving a prison sentence they had an option to serve in the military and fight in the wars. Active military service had provided strong control socially over young men. The Prison Industries Branch of the War Production Board was established in December 1941 to manage the industrial and agricultural output of state and federal prisons(Foster, 2006, chap. 3). Production in industrial and agricultural in state prisons estimated about $25 million each. Prisoners mainly manufactured items pertaining to the world such as assault boats, bomb noses, cargo nets, Navy shirts, flags, and leather materials. After the World War II, the prison systems have changed drastically. Prisoners do not have the option to serve out their sentence in the military anymore. Its more on the concept: If you do the crime, you do the time. The prisons are overpopulated and the agriculture and industrial production has declined. Politicians who had advocated greater involvement of prisoners in the war effort turned a blind eye to prisons after the war(Foster, 2006, chap. 3). The guards are not as strict as the guards were during World War II. Prisoners are attacking the guards and trying to escape more frequently. They are also brave enough to take the guards and wardens hostage all while creating a prison riot. It is like they do not have respect for the law or the justice system. In conclusion, this paper addressed the differences between what happened in the prison systems during and after World War II and the ideal and theory of penitentiary. With regards to the way prisons were operated during the WWII as opposed to the way it was operated today, one would think that they would show great appreciation. If the legal system apply some discipline and restrictions on the prisons now, then maybe it would not be as overpopulated as it is now. Without the exception of electrocution and lethal injection, this is a very effective method to show as an example to the people who are thinking about committing crimes. References Foster, B. (2006). Prisons in Crisis. In Corrections: The Fundamentals (p. 50). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Foster, B. (2006). The Penitentiary and the 1800s. In Corrections: The Fundamentals (p. 21). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prencitice-Hall. Prison Comparison Contrast 1 Prison Comparison Contrast 2 Prison Comparison Contrast 3 Prison Comparison Contrast 4 Prison Comparison Contrast 5

Failure of Peacekeeping Mission Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Failure of Peacekeeping Mission. Answer: Introduction In the current global political scenario, one of the key issues being faced by the international community is the attack on humanity. This is due to the reason that, recent years are being stuffed with the incidents of terrorism, civil wars and wars, which eventually lead to the mass destruction and death of millions (Laqueur 2016). Thus, the current scenario is facing the huge crisis in the field of humanity. Moreover, this trend is rapidly increasing with more countries are being affected by terrorism and civil wars are being emerging in different regions. However, in this case, United Nations have a greater role to play in reducing the implications of these activities and preventing their future emergence (Hultman, Kathman and Shannon 2013). On the other hand, there are various cases where it is being seen that, in some countries the peacekeeping mission of United Nations failed terribly due to various reasons. The two most notorious and infamous incidents of civil war, where the peacekeeping mission of United Nations failed are in Rwanda and Somalia. This essay will discuss about the incidents of mass destruction being happened in these countries and their implications. Moreover, it will also be discussed about the shortcomings of peacekeeping mission of United Nations in these two countries (Dwyer 2015). Accordingly a few recommendations will be discussed in this essay in order to assist the institution to prevent the origination of same incidents in future. Civil war in Rwanda In 1994, civil war emerged in Rwanda between the ethnic groups of Tutsi and Hutu. The difference between the Tutsi and Hutu was being emerged since the independence of Rwanda. The difference between them is mainly on the religious lines. However, the issues between them are mainly remained in smaller terms. Only in 1994, this existing issue got enlarged in to being a civil war and mass destruction of the millions of people (Yanagizawa-Drott 2014). The genocide began when the government of Rwanda dominated by Hutu groups started ethnic cleansing by executing the people from Tutsi community. This is due to the reason that, the then president of Burundi was being killed and it was being concluded that, the Tutsi rebel group is responsible. It was being estimated that, nearly 500000 to 1000000 people are being killed in the civil war. The genocide got worse when Rwandan Patriotic Front representing the victimized Tutsi group involved in the conflict. They were heavily armed and fought with the government coalition force (Mamdani 2014). This in turn caused displacement of approximately more than 2000000 Hutus. Thus, more than 70 percent of the total populations of Rwanda are directly and indirectly affected. In addition, the economy of the country crippled, which further lead to the origination of the issues such as poverty, income inequality and malnutrition (Schaal et al. 2012). Further investigation in this matter revealed that, various government heads, military heads and other political elites were involved in committing this genocide in view to acquire the control of the country. Moreover, France and some other countries are also being accused for supporting and equipping the government coalition army. Failure of United Nations peacekeeping mission The key motive of peacekeeping mission of United Nations is to create stability in the war torn regions and protecting the civilians from the militias. In addition, peacekeeping mission is also being carried out for countering the rebel or terrorist groups in different affected regions. In the case of Rwanda, the key objectives of the peacekeeping mission are the protection of the civilians, reducing the face-offs between the government coalition army and the rebel groups and to maintain the stability in the region (Brattberg 2012). However, contrary to the popular beliefs, the peacekeeping mission in Rwanda failed to provide any solutions to the issues. There are various reasons that are being identified later as the cause of failures of the peacekeeping mission. One of the key reasons is the contradictory behavior of the major allies in the world. This is due to the fact that, countries such as France and Belgium had not shown any interest in solving the civil war in Rwanda. On the other hand, France contributed and helped the government coalition forces to execute the rebels (Wallis 2014). Thus, a consensus has not being created among the major economies in the world. This affected the decision making policy to deal with the issue of Rwanda. American factor The second issue being identified is the lack of intervention of America in this issue. Being one of the leading superpower in the world, America is one of the prominent political pillars in determining the global policy especially in the policy of United Nations (Jacobson 2012). However, in the case of Rwanda, America had not shown the interest in intervening in their domestic matter, which further de-motivated the other world powers to not get involved in the case. This is due to the reason that, the case of Rwanda was emerged during their presidential election during the tenure of Bill Clinton. Moreover, due to the death of American Rangers in Rwanda, it becomes difficult for President Clinton to continue the keep the American peacekeepers due to the fear of having more casualties, which will provoke the American people to give their mandate against Clinton (Cunliffe 2012). Due to the fact that, America is one of the major contributors in terms of providing manpower and equipments in the peacekeeping mission of the United Nation, lack of intervention of the America caused adverse impact on the initiation of the peacekeeping mission in Rwanda. The third reason is the ineffectiveness and lack of extensive media reporting in the nineties (Globalpolicy.org 2017). In the current scenario, media is much more powerful due to the use of latest communication technologies and transportation modes, which enables them to communicate the news more effectively and extensively around the world. However, in nineties, the media was not that effective and thus the news of the Rwandan genocide was not being effectively communicated around the world. This caused lack of awareness among the citizens of different world powers, which had not made any pressure to the government to take active role in mitigating the genocide. Lack of communication Another important reason that is being identified on further investigation is the lack of communication among the key stakeholders and policymakers in United Nation. Investigation in the later stage reveled that, in January 11, 1994, a cable was being sent by then Lieutenant General of the peacekeeping mission in Rwanda about the possibility of the genocide (Globalpolicy.org 2017). However, the cable was received but not was being shared with the members in Security Council. This caused no discussion regarding the possibility of genocide in Rwanda, which eventually lead to having no plan or blueprint to mitigate the impact of the genocide. All the above discussed reasons caused the lack of having effective decision by United Nation regarding the peacekeeping mission in Rwanda. Moreover, this also caused delay in taking decision even after the starting of the genocide. All of these aspects piled up to holistically hampering the effectiveness of the peacekeeping mission in Rwanda. Civil war of Somalia The civil war in Somalia was more extensive compared to the civil war in Rwanda. Moreover, Rwanda is now overcame the issue of civil war and started to grow their economy. On the other hand, Somalia is still being affected due to civil war and it is growing rapidly with time. Somali civil war first broke out between the various warlords to have the control of the country; however, it slowly became a war between the government and terrorist organizations (Un.org 2017). With the involvement of the terrorist organizations in the war scenario, religious angle is being indulged, which is making the matter worse. The issue first emerged from the resistance to the military power in the country (Keen 2012). With having the common motive of overthrowing the military Junta government, various rebel groups were being equipped, trained armed. In 1991, they managed to overthrown the military government. However, the issue became worse due to the reason that, all the rebel groups now turned among themselves to gain the control of the country. This caused emergence of the civil war in various parts of the country. Due to the reason that, these factions were received support from their respective constituencies, they became the unofficial warlord of different regions in Somalia. In the later stage, Al-Shabaab was being formed with having the objective of implementing radical Islamic regulations in the country (Marchal 2013). This caused emergence of the terrorism in the country and this is still now going on. All these factors made Somalia a failed state in the global scenario. Failure of peacekeeping mission in Somalia As in Rwanda, the peacekeeping mission of United Nation is Somalia also got failed due to the various reasons. One of the key reasons being identified is the delay in sending the peacekeeper in the affected regions in Somalia (Williams 2013). It is being reported that, when the fight between the militias of General Mohamed Farah Aidid and Ali Mahdi broke out, there were no steps being taken by the policy makers in United Nations. This caused the matter went out of control when the peacekeepers are being send to the affected area. Moreover, due to the inclination of the policy makers in United Nations towards General Aidid, United Nations had not sent the troops to the affected regions as promised (Alex de Waa, 2017). Thus, having only a nominal number of troops compared to the huge number of the rebels in Somalia, positive outcome were not achieved. It is also being reported that, majority of the peacekeepers were being kept in the barracks. Thus, the basic motive of sending the peac ekeepers were diluted (Anderson 2014). Another reason that is being identified is the policy of dumping of cheap American food items in Somalia. In the initial stage the influx of the food items had positive outcomes due to giving famine in the country. However, in the later stage, local farmers deprived from getting the fair price due to the imported American items (Alex de Waa, 2017). This made the local Somalis becoming adverse to the presence of the peacekeepers. This is one of the key reasons due to the fact that, peacekeepers need the local support to fight the insurgents and thus, reduction in the local support had adverse implication on their effectiveness. One of the most important reasons is the behavior of the peacekeepers towards the local communities (Peter 2015). In the initial stage of the peacekeeping mission in Somalia, local people supported them in expecting that they will be protected from the insurgents. However, in the later stage it is being reported that, the peacekeeping soldiers are also being ac cused for beating, harassing and killing the innocents (Alex de Waa, 2017). Thus, for the local people, there was no difference between the insurgents and the peacekeepers. They are being accused of attacking the hospitals and bombing the innocent gatherings. In the case of mitigating the civil war in Somalia also, lack of effective chain of command caused issues among the peacekeepers from different countries. This is due to the fact that, peacekeepers of the United Nations are being derived from the army of different countries (Bellamy and Williams 2013). However, there is no single chain of command among them; rather they have to wait for their command from their respective authority. This caused negative impact on the effectiveness of fighting against the insurgents. Thus, the above discussed factors are the key reasons for the failure of the peacekeeping mission of United Nation in Somalia. It also leads to no effective resolution of the conflict, which is still going on and gradually increasing (Allen and Yuen 2014). Recommendations The above discussed reasons are the key factors for the failure of the peacekeeping mission of United Nation in both Rwanda and Somalia. Thus, it is of urgent requirement that these failures should not be repeated again in future. Accordingly, the following sections will discuss about the recommended steps that should be effectively implemented in order to prevent the future chance of emergence of these issues. One of the key recommended steps will be to initiate a singular approach of chain of command for the peacekeeping troops. This will help United Nations to manage the peacekeepers as a single unit. This will help them to lead and send the troops as unified force in the affected area. In addition, it will also help to reduce the delay in deploying the troops of different countries more effectively. From the above discussed issues, it is being identified that, providing back up and supply chain for the deployed peacekeepers are not being managed effectively. In various cases, it is been seen that, proper equipment and facilities are not being delivered and provided to the deployed peacekeepers to the affected regions. In some other cases it is also being seen that, troops are not being deployed in proper amount, rather a part of the required troops is being deployed. This will made the deployed troops ineffective. Thus, the supply chain should be effectively maintained in order to meet the field requirement effectively and in less time. The communication and decision making mechanism should be made effective among the policy makers in United Nations. This is due to the fact that, in the case of Rwanda and Somalia, it is being seen that, ineffective communication mechanism delayed the process of deploying troops in the affected region in less time. Thus, the decision making process should be enhanced in order to take the decision in less time in the case if an emergency. Much of the effectiveness of the peacekeeping mission is being determined by the support of the local population. This is due to the fact that, local people will help the outside troops by providing the facilities and basic amenities to them and by providing strategic information about the insurgents. Moreover, it is difficult for the foreign troops to have the fair and clear idea about the local geographical scenario. This can also be overcome with the help of the locals. However, there are various accusations against the peacekeepers regarding the unethical practices with the local population. Thus, this should be avoided and prevented. The troops should be given proper and suitable training before deployment about the importance of following the ethical practices and the potential consequences in case of any breach. Conclusion Thus, from the above discussion it can be concluded that, there are several valid reasons for the failure of the peacekeeping missions of United Nations in Rwanda and Somalia. Major issues are being discussed in this essay. It is being identified that the major issues are the lack of effective communication among the policy makers in the United Nations. In addition, the lack of effective and singular approach of chain of command is another key issue being identified. Accordingly, various recommendations are being discussed in this essay. It is being expected that, effective implementation of the recommended steps being discussed in this essay will help to reduce the chance or probability of the failure of the peacekeeping mission in future. Reference Alex de Waa, R. (2017).The U.N.'s Greatest Failure?. [online] tribunedigital-baltimoresun. Available at: https://articles.baltimoresun.com/1993-10-10/news/1993283156_1_mohamed-sahnoun-somalia-united-nations [Accessed 25 Oct. 2017]. Allen, S.H. and Yuen, A.T., 2014. The politics of peacekeeping: UN Security Council oversight across peacekeeping missions.International Studies Quarterly,58(3), pp.621-632. Anderson, N., 2014. Peacekeepers fighting a counterinsurgency campaign: a net assessment of the African Union Mission in Somalia.Studies in Conflict Terrorism,37(11), pp.936-958. Bellamy, A.J. and Williams, P.D. eds., 2013.Providing peacekeepers: the politics, challenges, and future of United Nations peacekeeping contributions. OUP Oxford. Brattberg, E., 2012. Revisiting UN Peacekeeping in Rwanda and Sierra Leone.Peace Review,24(2), pp.156-162. Cunliffe, P., 2012. Still the spectre at the feast: Comparisons between peacekeeping and imperialism in peacekeeping studies today.International Peacekeeping,19(4), pp.426-442. Dwyer, M., 2015. Peacekeeping abroad, trouble making at home: Mutinies in West Africa.African Affairs,114(455), pp.206-225. Globalpolicy.org. (2017).UN Failed Rwanda,. [online] Available at: https://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/201/39240.html [Accessed 25 Oct. 2017]. Hultman, L., Kathman, J. and Shannon, M., 2013. United Nations peacekeeping and civilian protection in civil war.American Journal of Political Science,57(4), pp.875-891. Jacobson, T.W., 2012. UN Peacekeeping: Few Successes, Many Failures, Inherent Flaws. Keen, D., 2012. Greed and grievance in civil war.International Affairs,88(4), pp.757-777. Laqueur, W., 2016.A History of Terrorism: Expanded Edition. Transaction Publishers. Mamdani, M., 2014.When victims become killers: Colonialism, nativism, and the genocide in Rwanda. Princeton University Press. Marchal, R., 2013. Islamic political dynamics in the Somali civil war.Islam in Africa South of the Sahara: Essays in gender relations and political reform,331. Peter, M., 2015. Between doctrine and practice: The UN peacekeeping dilemma.Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizations,21(3), pp.351-370. Schaal, S., Dusingizemungu, J.P., Jacob, N., Neuner, F. and Elbert, T., 2012. Associations between prolonged grief disorder, depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, and anxiety in Rwandan genocide survivors.Death Studies,36(2), pp.97-117. Un.org. (2017).UNITED NATIONS OPERATION IN SOMALIA I (UNOSOM I) - Background (Full text). [online] Available at: https://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/past/unosom1backgr2.html [Accessed 25 Oct. 2017]. Wallis, A., 2014.Silent accomplice: the untold story of France's role in the Rwandan genocide. IB Tauris. Williams, P., 2013. The African Union Mission in Somalia and Civilian Protection Challenges.Stability: International Journal of Security and Development,2(2). Yanagizawa-Drott, D., 2014. Propaganda and conflict: Evidence from the Rwandan genocide.The Quarterly Journal of Economics,129(4), pp.1947-1994.

The greenhouse free essay sample

IntroductionThe greenhouse effect is a process by which thermal radiation from a planetary surface is absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse gases, and is re-radiated in all directions. Since part of this re-radiation is back towards the surface and the lower atmosphere, it results in an elevation of the average surface temperature above what it would be in the absence of the Solar radiation at the frequencies of visible light largely passes through the atmosphere to warm the planetary surface, which then emits this energy at the lower frequencies of infrared thermal radiation. Infrared radiation is absorbed by greenhouse gases, which in turn re-radiate much of the energy to the surface and lower atmosphere. The mechanism is named after the effect of solar radiation passing through glass and warming a greenhouse, but the way it retains heat is fundamentally different as a greenhouse works by reducing airflow, isolating the warm air inside the structure so that heat is not lost by convection What is Green House Effect ? The name Green- house effect comes from the fact that this effect is use in horticulture for the up bringing of green plants in small house made of glass walls and glass root. We will write a custom essay sample on The greenhouse or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The green walls and roofs of a green-house allows the sun-light to come in freely but it does not allows the long wavelength infrared radiations reflected by the soil, plants and other contents of green house to go out. These trapped intra-red rays show their heating effect due to which the temperature is raised inside the green house. Thus, even without an external supply of heat, the temperature inside a green house is found to be higher than it is outside. Thus, green house acts as a heat trap. Due to the presence of carbon dioxide, our atmosphere acts like the glass rat of an ordinary horticultural green-house. Origin of the term:The term greenhouse effect is named by analogy to greenhouses. Greenhouses are basically built with materials like glass or plastic because these materials trap the radiation from the sun and help heat the surface inside the greenhouse. Greenhouses are mostly built up in places having temperature lower than the normal, such as the places at high altitudes, thus aids the growth of the seedlings required for vegetation and also planting. Objective 1: Minimise Greenhouse Gas Emissions There is overwhelming scientific evidence that human-induced greenhouse gas emissions are responsible for increasingly unstable eather patterns, overall global warming, declining ice levels, rising sea levels and increased ocean acidification. Objective 2: Minimise Natural Resource Consumption wasteful use of natural resources creates additional environmental burdens associated with the creation of waste which must be treated or disposed of, creating additional environmental impacts. Objective 4: Minimise other adverse impacts to the environmentunless sound practices are followed, there is potential during the construction process for nuisance to surrounding neighbours which include noise and vibration, dust and pollution of waterways. Objective 5: Seek pportunities to enhance or restore to the environmentDevelopment provides an important opportunity to enhance the natural environment. This includes using the development as a lever to remediate or otherwise enhance the value of land. Objective 7: Maximise sustainabili ty research and learning opportunities As an educational institution, UTS has both a responsibility and a powerful opportunity to harness the opportunities for learning about sustainable building associated with the implementation of the City Campus Master Plan, and to promulgate these learnings within the construction industry and wider community. The Greenhouse Effect and its importance The greenhouse gases act like a blanket, preventing much of the heat reflected by the earths surface from escaping directly into space. By slowing the release of cooling radiation, these gases warm the Earths surface. While this is a natural process that is essential to life on Earth, the trouble starts when the concentration of these Greenhouse gases in the Earths atmosphere increases. The result is an increase in the Earths temperature, also known as Global Warming. Global Warming is the gradual increase of the average temperature of Earths tmosphere and oceans, which can contribute to changes in global climate patterns. Global warming in turn interferes with the Earths climatic systems, resulting in climate change. Global warming could have disastrous effects on the environment (polar ice melts, changes in amount and pattern of rainfall, sea level rise, frequent floods and droughts, hurricanes and typhoons). It would cause large-scale species extinction and have serious impacts on human lives (freshwater availability, agricultural yields, increases in the spatial and quantitative ranges of disease vectors), as well as on economic infrastructure (such as energy, transport and ndustry). What are the Greenhouse Gases? carbon Dioxide (C02) *Nitrogen Oxides (NxO) Methane(CH4) *Sulphur Hexafluoride (SF6) *Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) ozone (03) *Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) Water Vapour (H20 gas) *Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) Methodology for Enhanced Greenhouse Effect Measurement Data Because the climate change signals are subtle, i. e. , 0. 5 degree centigrade per 100 years as observed, or even the predicted temperature change of 1. to 4. 5 degree centigrade in 50 years, amounting to a maximum annual rate of change of 0. 09 degree centigrade per year, observational requirements tor the detection ot climate change nd greenhouse effects are more stringent in terms of accuracy, precision, spatial coverage, and time series. Some related issues are listed in the following: Changes in instrumentation (sensor and/or calibration) Changes in location and exposure of sensors (e. g. surface stations) Changes in the methods of observation (e. g. , ship measurements of sea surface temperatu re) Changes in computational procedures (e. g. , for mean daily temperature) Changes in satellite algorithms that derive physical or geophysical parameters from spectral information Changes in data assimilation models (physics) used to compute variables r parameters that are not directly measured (e. g. , fluxes of heat, momentum, water vapor). None of the existing observational systems were designed, implemented, or operated to directly and automatically provide our needed long-term calibrated data with global coverage for climate change studies. Furthermore, it is necessary to obtain high-frequency sampling, preferably several times per day, to gather meaningful statistics on rapid atmospheric processes, particularly those affecting clouds, radiation, and precipation. In order to meet these kind of requirements, the Earth Observing System (EOS) has been proposed. The measurement methods and data sets for some greenhouse effect related variables are stated in the following: Sea Surface Temperature Global Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide (C02) and Methane (CH4) Concertrations Surface Skin Temperature Satellite measurements of SST are based on techniques in which spaceborne infra- red and microwave radiometers detect thermally emitted radiation from the ocean surface. Determining SST from satellite data therefore requires an understanding of the processes by which electromagnetic radiation is emitted and reflected at the cean surface, and emitted and attenuated by the atmosphere. These processes can be modeled theoretically. To minimize atmospheric effects, measurements must be made at wavelengths well-defined window regions of the infra-red and microwave spectrum, where the attenuation due to atmospheric constituents is small. Under favorable atmospheric and surface conditions, simple linear algorithms may provide reasonably accurate SST retrievals from either infra-red or microwave measurements. Global vegetation mapping is important for monitoring the global climate change and greenhouse effects. In order to monitor vegetation at global and continental scales, global normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data has been collected from the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administrations (NOAA) Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR). The AVHRR sensor collects observations in both the red and infrared parts of the spectrum. The red spectral measurements are sensitive to the chlorophyll content of vegetation because chlorophyll causes considerable absorption of incoming radiation, and the near infrared to the mesophyll structure ot leaves which leads to considerable retlectance. Since the tlrst s an inverse relationship and the second a direct relationship, the NDVI defined as the normalized ratio (IR-Red)/(lR+Red) has close relationships with a number of vegetation attributes, such as the photosynthetic capacity of specific vegetation types, percentage vegetation cover and green leaf biomass. Thus, the NDVI has become the most commonly used remotely sensed measure of vegetation activity. Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide (C02) and Methane (CH4) Concertrations Precise record od past and present atmospheric carbon dioxide (C02) and methane (CH4) concertrations are critical to the studies of the greenhouse effects. There are a variety of techniques to determine past levels of the atmospheric gases, including direct measurements of trapped air in polar ice cores, indirect determinations from carbon isotopis in tree rings, and measurements of carbon and oxygen isotopic changes in carbon sediments in deep-ocean cores. The modern period of measurements can be taken through air samples at the monitoring stations around the world. Surface Skin Temperature The global surface skin temperatures can be obtained from the TOVS (TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder) data set. It was generated from data obtained from the HIRS/2 (High resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder) and MSIJ (Microwave Sounding Unit) instruments. The HIRS/2 instrument measures radiation emitted by the Earth- atmosphere system in 19 regions of the infrared spectrum between 3. 7 and 15 microns. The MSU instrument makes passive microwave radiation measurements in four regions of the 50 GHz oxygen emission spectrum. In particular, the combination of HIRS/2 channels and MSU channels is useful in eliminating the effects of cloudiness on the satellite-observed infrared radiances, thus providing improved estimates of the surface skin temperature. Observing The Greenhouse Effect Across The Solar System Our planet is warming up, and experts warn that the consequences will be serious. To see precisely how the process works, scientists need as much information as possible and from many different sources. There are valuable clues out in space. ESAs missions to Venus, Mars, and Saturns moon Titan will soon provide useful information to understand how our own planets climate is regulated. The Earths climate seems to be changing much more quickly than it used to do. We are altering one of our planets natural temperature regulators the greenhouse effect. The reenhouse effect determines the flow of energy arriving at and leaving from Earth. The Suns energy heats the Earths surface and the planet radiates energy back into space. However, certain atmospheric gases trap some of the outgoing energy, retaining heat. Without this natural phenomenon, average temperatures on Earth would be 30 degrees lower than the current 15 degrees Celsius. Unfortunately, fossil- fuel combustion and deforestation release large amounts of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere, strengthening the greenhouse ettect. Global temperatures nave increased more than half a degree in the last century as a result. For a really strong greenhouse effect, we should look at Venus. Venus is similar to Earth in terms of size and mass, but its surface temperature is about 460 degrees Celsius. This is hot enough to melt lead! The Venusian atmosphere is mainly made up of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas. On Earth, carbon dioxide makes up only a tiny fraction of the atmosphere. However, man-made emissions have caused carbon dioxide concentrations here to increase by about 30% since pre-industrial times. Why is there so much carbon dioxide in the Venusian atmosphere? What made Venus evolve so differently from Earth? Good questions. That is precisely one of the things we want to find out says Hakan Svedhem, Project Scientist for ESAs mission Venus Express, due for launch in 2005. Is Venus a mirror that reflects how the Earth will be if global warming continues at its current speed? Venus will help us understand what happens when the greenhouse effect is really extreme. However, its not a good example of what will happen to Earth due to human activities. Life on Earth would disappear due to the extreme temperatures much before reaching even half of the concentrations of carbon dioxide on Venus! says Svedhem. As a complete contrast to Venus, there is Mars. The Red Planet displays hardly any greenhouse effect.